E-cigarette opponents routinely claim that e-cigarettes
benefit from industry-promoted consumer health misconceptions in the same
manner that so-called light cigarettes soared in popularity years ago, when, it
is alleged, marketers created a mythology about the relative safety of “reduced
tar.” In reality, there is more truth in
those light claims than people suspect.
According to one heavily cited account (here), “In the
late 1960s, tobacco manufacturers introduced ‘light’ or ‘low tar’ brands that
yielded 7–14 mg tar per cigarette, compared to the 22 mg tar of the average
cigarette sold at that time. Later,
‘ultralight’ brands appeared, with tar yields below 7 mg per cigarette. Today [in 2004], almost 90% of cigarettes sold
in the United States are in these categories.
Better taste is not the reason why smokers buy light cigarettes. They buy them because they have the
misconception that smoking lower tar products reduces their risk of lung cancer
and other tobacco-related diseases. Advertisements
for these brands carry the implicit and tempting message that switching to a
light brand is an alternative to quitting smoking.”
This line – that safer cigarettes are a deception
perpetrated by the tobacco industry -- has been repeated so often that it is
considered gospel by the American public.
In fact, the scientific literature supports the relative safety claim
and debunks the popular myth.
Research published in the 1970s documented that low-tar
low-nicotine cigarettes were less hazardous than others. Articles from the American Cancer Society in respected medical journals played a prominent role in shaping consumers’
positive perception of these products.
In 1976 the Cancer Society published research (here)
showing that light cigarettes were safer.
In 1959-60, over a million people were enrolled by the Cancer Society in
a prospective epidemiological study of cancer risk factors. Smokers were classified according to
nicotine-tar content, high (2.0-2.7 milligrams nicotine and 26-36 mg tar) or
low (less than 1.2 mg nicotine and less than 18 mg tar); detailed records were
obtained for death rates and dates.
The study revealed that the death rate from all causes was
16% lower among smokers of low nicotine-tar cigarettes than among smokers of high
nicotine-tar cigarettes. Similarly, low
nicotine-tar smokers had a 14% lower death rate from heart attacks and a 26%
lower rate from lung cancer. The authors
concluded that “total death rates, death rates from coronary heart disease, and
death rates from lung cancer were somewhat lower for those who smoked ‘low’
tar-nicotine cigarettes than for those who smoked ‘high’ tar-nicotine
cigarettes.”
The research findings were extensively reported on by the media
(example here).
In 1979, Cancer Society investigators published a study in
the New England Journal of Medicine,
confirming the 1976 lung cancer findings (abstract here). This study examined the lungs of 211 men who
died in 1955-60 and 234 men who died in 1970-77. Researchers looked for microscopic changes
indicating that a cancerous tumor might have eventually developed if these men
had lived longer.
| Percentage (%) of Smokers Who Had Pre-Cancerous Lung Changes At Autopsy, According to the American Cancer Society | ||
|---|---|---|
| Smoking Category | Full-Tar Smokers, 1955-60 | Light-Tar Smokers, 1970-77 |
| Non-smokers | 0% | 0% |
| Less than 1 pack per day | 2.6 | 0.1 |
| 1-2 packs per day | 13.2 | 0.8 |
| 2+ packs per day | 22.5 | 2.2 |
The results from this study are shocking. In 1955-60, when most smokers consumed full-tar cigarettes, 2.6% of men who smoked less than a pack per day had pre-cancerous changes in their lungs. Among men smoking 1-2 packs per day, 13% had changes; this increased to 23% among those smoking over 2 packs per day. But in 1970-77, when, according to the report, “a large proportion of smokers have deliberately selected brands with reduced tar and nicotine,” the percentage of smokers in every category who had pre-cancerous lung changes was very small.
Cancer Society researchers concluded: “The evidence from
this study is consistent with evidence from epidemiologic studies indicating
that death rates from lung cancer are lower among men who smoke low
tar/nicotine cigarettes than among men who smoke the same number of high
tar/nicotine cigarettes per day…”
Again, the results were widely reported by the national
media, including the Wall Street Journal (here). Cancer Society president LaSalle D. Leffall,
Jr., issued a harm reduction message, saying that “findings of the new study
suggest a way for smokers to reduce their lung cancer risk by switching to low
tar-nicotine cigarettes if they find it impossible to quit entirely.” Leffall noted that “the best way to escape
the risk of lung cancer ‘is not to smoke at all…There is no safe cigarette.’”
By the 1980s, public health experts and cigarette
manufacturers alike were optimistic about the prospects of a safer cigarette. Manufacturers introduced products with even
lower levels of tar, which they called ultra-lights.
In 2004, Cancer Society researchers confirmed that smoking
ultra-lights resulted in lower lung cancer rates than the full-tar cigarettes,
but the rates for ultra-lights were the same as those for low-tar cigarettes (here).
The health advantages of light cigarettes over full-flavor
brands were documented and promoted by the American Cancer Society in 1976 and
1979. Optimism about low-tar brands was
later reversed by another Cancer Society report, which did not acknowledge or
cite the earlier studies.
One fact is not debatable: The public health community
conducted research that led to the promotion of light cigarettes as safer
alternatives. Therefore, there is no
industry conspiracy template for anyone to employ against e-cigarettes.
